- المجال: Art history
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完成後應用於印刷板或塊上工作之前所作的所有個人印象印刷術語，以便檢查圖像的進展。也稱為 '審判證明' 或 '膚色審判證明'。這不應混淆與條款演出者的證明 (AP) 和印表機的證明 （PP），對已完成列印的印象除了演出者或印表機的已發佈版本。
Industry:Art history
比例是一部分的一個整體的其他部分的關係。在藝術中它通常意味著尋找一個數學公式為完美人體演出者最關心的事情。在文藝復興的時候，達 · 芬奇和 Albrecht Dürer 試圖找到一個公式，將使該機構能確切地刻在一個正方形或圓。他們的系統似乎是第一次使高度的伸出雙臂，整個寬度相同，然後將添加到高度這樣的總高度是等於八個頭。文藝復興研究成比例由傷寒論的體系結構，過維特魯威古羅馬作家啟發。完美比例較一般公式是黃金分割或中庸。這被定義為劃分，因此更小的部分是到更大的部分，更大的部分是對整個一條線。它在工作約 8:13 或稍微超過一個三分之一至三分之二。中的一種方式或另一個黃金分割可以在大多數的藝術作品中檢測到。它如此命名，是因為它在考慮有一些特殊的審美美德本身。
Industry:Art history
一件藝術作品的出處是其擁有權的歷史。這個詞來源於法語動詞 provenir，要來的。出處是必不可少肯定地確定一件藝術作品的著作權。當籌碼下來時，再多的鑒賞可以打敗優良的種源。理想來源將包括擁有權的歷史可追溯權回到了演出者的工作室。歷史的圖稿的另一個重要方面是它一直在展覽。種源的重要性沒有轉義偽造者的注意。在 1990 年代是插入的偽造假引用偽造材料在作品如展覽目錄博物館檔案中。這令人信服的買家甚至偽造的品質不是特別好。所示的工程每個有有趣的出處。磨刀石被發現在巴西 ；馬列維奇被賣了由蘇聯政府 ；馬丁是三的在 1930 年代分手曾是三的著名三個小組之一。一個面板然後被收購泰特。其他兩個消失了。他們以後追蹤和團聚的私人收藏家和最終遺贈給泰特，與其他小組一起帶來了。從這些作品對 '文本' 請按照連結： 磨刀石，素描為 ' 魔術師 '，（短文本） ；馬列維奇，動態 Suprematism (完整目錄) ；馬丁、 最後的審判、 （完整目錄與插圖的同伴)。
Industry:Art history
與 60 年代一般關聯和拓展智力藥物迷幻劑。有較早的例子很多演出者服用藥物以提高他們的認識和放大他們心理的視力，但對產生了這種強大影響的演出者的 LSD 的幻覺影響。騷和反自然主義的膚色、 迷幻藝術經常包含旋流模式、 色情意象和隱藏的消息，所有瞄準，而根據藥物的影響意識不斷變化的狀態，請參閱。許多藝術源自嬉皮社會在三藩市，尤其是演出者斯坦利滑鼠、 瑞克 · 格裡芬和奧爾頓 Kelley 曾岩啟動子區 Bill Graham 委託，製作海報為感恩而死，Jimi Hendrix 和大哥哥控股公司的樂隊。
Industry:Art history
是在公眾領域，不論是否它位於公共或私人財產或是否它已用公共或私人的錢購買的圖稿。通常，但不是總是，藝術已委託專門為它位於該網站。紀念碑、 紀念館和公民雕像和雕塑的最既定的形式的公共藝術，但公共藝術也可以只是曇花一現，表演、 舞蹈、 戲劇、 詩歌、 塗鴉、 海報和安裝的形式。公共藝術往往可以用作一種政治工具，這樣的宣傳海報和蘇聯或由在北愛爾蘭阿爾斯特工會繪壁畫的雕像。公共藝術也可以是一種公民抗議，在 1980 年代在紐約地鐵邊噴的塗鴉。
Industry:Art history
愛德華 · 讓納雷 (更好地被稱為現代建築師勒 · 柯布西耶) 和阿梅 Ozenfant 創辦的運動。他們出發的理論純粹主義在他們的書 Après le Cubisme （後立體主義） 1918 年出版。他們批評的物件立體主義的方式和在其中立體主義成為了，他們認為，裝飾的這段時間的碎片。相反他們提出什麼樣的繪畫物件作為強大的基本形式，剝奪了詳細的出席。純粹主義的一個關鍵因素是其擁抱的技術和機器，它旨在給機械和工業題材永恆的、 經典的品質。對古希臘建築的引用可以在 Ozenfant 的靜物作文中瓶見於開槽 （像希臘的一列）。最重要的純粹主義與關聯其他演出者是費爾南 · 萊熱。純粹主義達到高潮在勒 · 柯布西耶的帕德奈 Nouveau (新精神的亭子)，建于 1925 年的國際裝飾博覽會和工業藝術在巴黎。這由三個主體上掛著的工作，還包括可分成兩個、 灰和李氏。在此之後 Ozenfant 與勒 · 柯布西耶的關鍵關係分手了。
Industry:Art history
Art of homosexual or lesbian imagery that is based around the issues that evolved out of the gender and identity politics of the 1980s. Although there have been many representations of homosexuality and lesbianism in the history of art, it was in the 1980s, in the wake of the feminist movement and the AIDS crisis that the queer aesthetic was born. Artists began to document a cultural landscape that was rapidly disappearing, as well as the backlash that had taken place against sexual freedom. Much of the art resonates with themes of life and death, in particular the photographs of Nan Goldin and Wolfgang Tillmans and the installations of Felix Gonzalez-Torres. There is also a critical exploration of representation, as in the photographs of lesbians by Catherine Opie and in the studies of the gay S&M scene in New York by Robert Mapplethorpe.
Industry:Art history
Refers to art that is dependent on technology and has a durational dimension. Usually time-based media are video, slide, film, audio or computer based and part of what it means to experience the art is to watch it unfold over time according to the temporal logic of the medium as it is played back. Early examples of time-based media date back to the 1960s, in particular the art of Bruce Nauman, who would record happenings to be played back in the gallery. His Performance Corridor, made in 1968, was a recording of a performance in which people edged their way down a dark narrow tunnel. Since Nauman's early explorations, artists have also experimented with the elasticity of the medium in order to stretch time and space. In 1993 Douglas Gordon slowed down Alfred Hitchcock's film Psycho to twenty-four hours.
Industry:Art history
In painting, tone refers to the relative lightness or darkness of a colour (see also Chiaroscuro). One colour can have an almost infinite number of different tones. Tone can also mean the colour itself. For example, when Van Gogh writes 'I exaggerate the fairness of the hair, I even get to orange tones, chromes and pale citron-yellow', he is referring to those colours at a particular tonal value. In his famous theory of painting, the French painter Georges Seurat describes how colour (teinte) and tone (ton) can be used to create particular emotional effects: 'Gaiety is obtained through the use of dominant luminosity in tone; of prevailing warmth in colour. ' The term seems to have come into widespread use with the rise of painting directly from nature in the nineteenth century, when artists became interested in identifying and reproducing the full range of tones to be found in a particular subject. This in turn led to an interest in colour for its own sake and in colour theory. However, tone is also a musical term and its use in relation to painting reflects the theory that painting can be like music, that became increasingly important from about 1870. From about that time the painter JAM Whistler, for example, made paintings using a very limited range of closely related tones of just one or two colours, and gave them musical titles. This kind of painting is known as tonal painting. In 1908, in his A Painter's Notes, Henri Matisse wrote: 'When I have found the relationship of all the tones the result must be a living harmony of all the tones, a harmony not unlike that of a musical composition. '
Industry:Art history
A large-scale contemporary art exhibition that occurs every three years. Like a biennial it is often attached to a particular place and is typified by its national or international outlook. The Tate Triennial showcases new developments in British art and is always curated by a different person, often a director of another art institution. Other triennials include the Asia-Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art, which was established in 1993, is the only major international exhibition to focus on art from Asia, the Pacific and Australia.
Industry:Art history
