- المجال: Oil & gas
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A projection of data from the apex of a cone in a three-dimensional plot onto a surface at the base of the cone. This projection often is performed in log analysis to remove a dimension and see what a data point would read in the absence of that dimension. For example, removal of shale effects in a plot of neutron, density and gamma ray data helps determine the mineralogy of a sample where the apex of the cone would represent the shale point in the plot. <BR>The M-N plot is a plot in which the fluid has been removed by conical projection from the neutron, density and sonic data to provide a porosity-independent plot that can be used to determine lithology.
Industry:Oil & gas
A property of semivariogram models. Any linear combination of admissible models with positive coefficients can be nested or added together. Generally, single models are used for modeling experimental semivariograms that are close in shape to one of the basic admissible models, or for the approximate fitting of complex structural functions. Nested models are used to better fit complex structural functions. <BR><BR>Reference:<BR><BR>Olea RA: "Fundamentals of Semivariogram Estimation, Modeling, and Usage," in Yarus JM and Chambers RL (eds): 鈥淪tochastic Modeling and Geostatistics,鈥?AAPG Computer Applications in Geology, no. 3. AAPG, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, 1994.
Industry:Oil & gas
Производство хорошо с маслом как его основной коммерческий продукт. Нефтяные скважины почти всегда производят некоторые газа и часто производят воды. В конечном итоге, большинство нефтяных скважин производят главным образом газа или воды.
Industry:Oil & gas
A process used to remove hydrogen sulfide (H<SUB>2</SUB>S) and carbon dioxide (CO<SUB>2</SUB>) from a gas stream. These components are removed because they can form acidic solutions when they contact water, which will cause corrosion problems in gas pipelines. <BR><BR>In a sweetening process, different types of ethanolamine can be used, including monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), diglycolamine (DGA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). Hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide are absorbed by the ethanolamine and sweet gas leaves at the top of the absorber. <BR><BR>The ethanolamine is heated and acid gas (hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide gases) and water vapor are obtained. The water is removed while the acid gas can be flared or further treated in a sulfur recovery unit to separate out elemental sulfur. Finally, the lean ethanolamine is returned to the absorber.
Industry:Oil & gas
Во время перфорации операций, в которых радиостанции на или вблизи буровой отключены для предотвращения случайного взрыва перфорации пушек ввели процедуру. При использовании не радио Сейф детонатор для проводных операций требуется радиомолчание. Это обычно накладывается при фальсификации до перфорации орудий и до тех пор, пока пушки выполнены в отверстие до 200 футов (61 м) ниже уровня земли или грязи линии. Радио тишины снова накладывается при извлечении пистолета системы, как она проходит отметку 200-ft. Радиомолчание должна сохраняться до тех пор, пока было подтверждено, что все обвинения были сняты. Эта практика не является обязательным, когда радио Сейф детонаторы используются, но является обычной практикой на многих скважинах.
Industry:Oil & gas
A process or procedure used to interpret petrophysical (usually wireline log) data. Usually representing a set of equations, algorithms or other mathematical processes, petrophysical models often have multiple routines. For example, a deterministic model might include routines that:
<UL>
<LI>calculate the shale volume</LI>
<LI>calculate total porosity</LI>
<LI>calculate effective porosity</LI>
<LI>calculate water saturation</LI>
<LI>calculate permeability. </LI></UL>Often, the model is calibrated using core, production, test and other data sets. Although many software packages contain ready-built petrophysical models or component routines that can be called upon, many log-analysis problems are unique and require that "built to purpose" models be constructed. Construction of new petrophysical models is normally driven by the data available and the nature of the problem to be solved.
Industry:Oil & gas
Порядок, в котором различных химических веществ добавляются образцы бутылки эмульсии для определения, какие химические является наиболее эффективным в нарушение, или разделения, эмульсии в нефти и воды. После того, как определяется эффективное химическое, различное количество добавляются образцы бутылки эмульсии для определения минимальной суммы, необходимой для сломать эмульсия эффективно.
Industry:Oil & gas
A procedure for estimating the reservoir characteristics between data points. Based on the idea of iterating from a first guess and refining through reduction of errors, the procedure generally transforms the model to normality, simulating the normally distributed transform, and then back-transforming to the original variable of interest.
Industry:Oil & gas
A procedure for correcting pressure measurements in a reservoir to a common datum level. This is not required for calculating kh, permeability thickness, and s, skin effect, but is required for determining average reservoir pressures or for any comparison of pressures in one area of the reservoir to those in another area. The correction is done by determining the average pressure for a given well test in which the pressure gauge is at a known level, and then adding or subtracting the calculated weight of the column of reservoir fluid in pounds per square inch from the difference in elevation between the pressure gauge and the datum level.
Industry:Oil & gas
A procedure conducted to establish the rate and pressure at which fluids can be pumped into the treatment target without fracturing the formation. Most stimulation treatments and remedial repairs, such as squeeze cementing, are performed following an injection test to help determine the key treatment parameters and operating limits. Likewise, injection tests are also conducted when pumping secondary recovery fluids such as water, nitrogen (N<SUB>2</SUB>), carbon dioxide (CO<SUB>2</SUB>), natural gas and steam.
Industry:Oil & gas
