- المجال: Oil & gas
- Number of terms: 8814
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The high-capacity J-shaped equipment used to hang various other equipment, particularly the swivel and kelly, the elevator bails or topdrive units. The hook is attached to the bottom of the traveling block and provides a way to pick up heavy loads with the traveling block. The hook is either locked (the normal condition) or free to rotate, so that it may be mated or decoupled with items positioned around the rig floor, not limited to a single direction.
Industry:Oil & gas
The hardware used to optimize the production of hydrocarbons from the well. This may range from nothing but a packer on tubing above an openhole completion ("barefoot" completion), to a system of mechanical filtering elements outside of perforated pipe, to a fully automated measurement and control system that optimizes reservoir economics without human intervention (an "intelligent" completion).
Industry:Oil & gas
The half of a battery that is positively charged and to which anions migrate by electrostatic attraction. Half of an electrolytic corrosion cell in metal is called the "anode," from which metal dissolves, often leaving pits. The anode is the part of a corrosion cell in which oxidation occurs.
Industry:Oil & gas
The group of hydrocarbons consisting of linear molecules with the formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub>. Methane, CH<sub>4</sub>, is the simplest member. Higher members, starting at about C<sub>18</sub>, are wax-like and are called paraffin. Excessive amounts of paraffinic hydrocarbons in an oil mud adversely affect mud flow and oil removal from cuttings at cool temperatures.
Industry:Oil & gas
The group of hydrocarbon compounds that has one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms in the linear chain. Ethylene, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>, is the smallest olefin. Synthetic olefinic hydrocarbons are made by polymerization of ethylene under catalytic conditions. They are used in synthetic-base mud and as lubricants for water muds.
Industry:Oil & gas
The formation of groups or clusters of particles (aggregates) in a fluid. In water or in water-base drilling fluid, clay particles form aggregates in a dehydrated, face-to-face configuration. This occurs after a massive influx of hardness ions into freshwater mud or during changeover to a lime mud or gyp mud. Aggregation results in drastic reductions in plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength. It is part of wastewater cleanup and water clarification. Alum or polymers cause colloidal particles to aggregate, allowing easier separation.
Industry:Oil & gas
The formation of an insoluble material in a fluid. Precipitation can occur by a chemical reaction of two or more ions in solution or by changing the temperature of a saturated solution. There are many examples of this important phenomenon in drilling fluids. Precipitation occurs in the reaction between calcium cations and carbonate anions to form insoluble calcium carbonate: Ca<sup>+2</sup> + CO<sub>3</sub><sup>-2</sup> --> CaCO<sub>3</sub>. When a saturated clear brine first crystallizes, the solid is a precipitate, and is often caused by changing temperature.
Industry:Oil & gas
The force per unit cross-sectional area required to pull a substance apart.
Industry:Oil & gas
The force per unit area required to sustain a constant rate of fluid movement. Mathematically, shear stress can be defined as: <br><center><img src="files/OGL99117. Gif" alt="Shear stress" border="0" vspace="8" /></center><br>If a fluid is placed between two parallel plates spaced 1. 0 cm apart, and a force of 1. 0 dyne is applied to each square centimeter of the surface of the upper plate to keep it in motion, the shear stress in the fluid is 1 dyne/cm<sup>2</sup> at any point between the two plates.
Industry:Oil & gas
